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Scandinavian journal of science & medicine in sports 32, 937-1072 (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14137 60 Hagman, C., Christer, J. & Emtner, M. A comparison between patients with dysfunctional breathing and patients with asthma. . Clin Respir J. 2(2):86-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2007.00036.x. PMID: 20298312. 2, 86-91 (2008). https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1752-699X.2007.00036.x. Abstract Title: Breathing pattern disorders: a differential condition in otherwise healthy adolescents and young adults having respiratory symptoms during rest and physical activity Background: This article highlights the characteristics of breathing pattern disorders at rest and during physical activity. It discusses the mechanisms that may lead to, maintain or result from changes in the breathing pattern, including the musculoskeletal system, biomechanical and psychological factors, as well as stress. Main part: Breathing pattern disorders have a breathing pattern component, such as breath-holding and thoracic breathing, and an upper airway component, in which «exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (E-ILO)» may be a part. Thoracic breathing is often present when both the breathing pattern and upper airway components are most prominent in young athletes, and are characterized by reduced diaphragm movement, overactivation of respiratory muscles, and postural deviations. These changes may over time affect breathing in general, impact the function of the upper airways, and make the work of breathing more demanding. Disrupted breathing patterns in teenagers and young adults can be triggered and exacerbated by psychological factors, such as persistent worries and stress. If the breathing pattern is the main issue, it will also cause symptoms at rest, but symptoms typically worsen with physical activity. Disrupted breathing patterns can also be confused with or coexist with asthma. Conclusion: A thorough medical history, examination, and assessment are crucial to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is also important to understand the biomechanical and muscular processes involved in breathing pattern disorders so that this can be addressed in treatment. Keywords: Breathing pattern disorders, thoracic breathing, psychological factors, stress. https://www.fysioterapeuten.no
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